Modern tablet laptops have a complex joint between the keyboard housing and the display permitting the display panel to swivel and then lie flat on the keyboard housing.
Typically, the base of a tablet laptop attaches to the display at a single joint called a swivel hinge or rotating hinge. The joint allows the screen to rotate through 180° and fold down on top of the keyboard to provide a flat writing surface. This design, although the most common, creates a physical point of weakness on the notebook.
Some manufacturers have attempted to overcome these weak points. The Panasonic Toughbook 19, for example, is advertised as a more durable convertible notebook. One model by Acer (the TravelMate C210) has a sliding design in which the screen slides up from the slate-like position and locks into place to provide the laptop mode.
Tablet laptops still have the advantage to offer the keyboard and pointing device (usually a trackpad) of older notebooks, for users who do not use the touchscreen display as the primary method of input.
[edit] Components
Main article: Computer hardware
Miniaturization: a comparison of a desktop computer motherboard (ATX form factor) to a motherboard from a 13" laptop (2008 unibody Macbook)
Inner view of a Sony VAIO laptop
The basic components of laptops are similar in function to their desktop counterparts, but are miniaturized, adapted to mobile use, and designed for low power consumption. Because of the additional requirements, laptop components are usually of inferior performance compared to similarly priced desktop parts. Furthermore, the design bounds on power, size, and cooling of laptops limit the maximum performance of laptop parts compared to that of desktop components.[23]
The following list summarizes the differences and distinguishing features of laptop components in comparison to desktop personal computer parts:
* Motherboard – Laptop motherboards are highly make and model specific, and do not conform to a desktop form factor. Unlike a desktop board that usually has several slots for expansion cards (3 to 7 are common), a board for a small, highly integrated laptop may have no expansion slots at all, with all the functionality implemented on the motherboard itself; the only expansion possible in this case is via an external port such as USB. Other boards may have one or more standard, such as ExpressCard, or proprietary expansion slots. Several other functions (storage controllers, networking, sound card and external ports) are implemented on the motherboard.
* Central processing unit (CPU) – Laptop CPUs have advanced power-saving features and produce less heat than desktop processors, but are not as powerful.[25] There is a wide range of CPUs designed for laptops available from Intel (Pentium M, Celeron M, Intel Core and Core 2 Duo), AMD (Athlon, Turion 64, and Sempron), VIA Technologies, Transmeta and others. On the non-x86 architectures, Motorola and IBM produced the chips for the former PowerPC-based Apple laptops (iBook and PowerBook). Some laptops have removable CPUs, although support by the motherboard may be restricted to the specific models.[26] In other laptops the CPU is soldered on the motherboard and is non-replaceable.
A SODIMM memory module.
* Memory (RAM) – SO-DIMM memory modules that are usually found in laptops are about half the size of desktop DIMMs. They may be accessible from the bottom of the laptop for ease of upgrading, or placed in locations not intended for user replacement such as between the keyboard and the motherboard. Currently, most midrange laptops are factory equipped with 3-4 GB of DDR2 RAM, while some higher end notebooks feature up to 8 GB of DDR3 memory. Netbooks however, are commonly equipped with only 1 GB of RAM to keep manufacturing costs low.
* Expansion cards – A PC Card (formerly PCMCIA) or ExpressCard bay for expansion cards is often present on laptops to allow adding and removing functionality, even when the laptop is powered on. Some subsystems (such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or a cellular modem) can be implemented as replaceable internal expansion cards, usually accessible under an access cover on the bottom of the laptop. Two popular standards for such cards are MiniPCI and its successor, the PCI Express Mini.[27]
* Power supply – Laptops are typically powered by an internal rechargeable battery that is charged using an external power supply. The power supply can charge the battery and power the laptop simultaneously; when the battery is fully charged, the laptop continues to run on AC power. The charger adds about 400 grams (1 lb) to the overall "transport weight" of the notebook.
* Battery – Current laptops utilize lithium ion batteries, with more recent models using the new lithium polymer technology. These two technologies have largely replaced the older nickel metal-hydride batteries. Typical battery life for standard laptops is two to five hours of light-duty use, but may drop to as little as one hour when doing power-intensive tasks. A battery's performance gradually decreases with time, leading to an eventual replacement in one to three years, depending on the charging and discharging pattern. This large-capacity main battery should not be confused with the much smaller battery nearly all computers use to run the real-time clock and to store the BIOS configuration in the CMOS memory when the computer is off. Lithium-ion batteries do not have a memory effect as older batteries may have. The memory effect happens when one does not use a battery to its fullest extent, then recharges the battery. New innovations in laptops and batteries have seen new possible matchings which can provide up to a full 24 hours of continued operation, assuming average power consumption levels. An example of this is the HP EliteBook 6930p when used with its ultra-capacity battery.
* Video display controller – On standard laptops the video controller is usually integrated into the chipset to conserve power. This tends to limit the use of laptops for gaming and entertainment, two fields which have constantly escalating hardware demands.[28] Higher-end laptops and desktop replacements in particular often come with dedicated graphics processors on the motherboard or as an internal expansion card. These mobile graphics processors are comparable in performance to mainstream desktop graphic accelerator boards. A few notebooks have switchable graphics with both an integrated and discrete card installed. The user can choose between using integrated graphics when battery life is important and dedicated graphics when demanding applications call for it. This allows for greater flexibility and also conserves power when not required.
* Display – Most modern laptops feature 13 inches (33 cm) or larger color active matrix displays based on CCFL or LED lighting with resolutions of 1280x800 (16:10) or 1366 x 768 (16:9) pixels and above. Some models use screens with resolutions uncommon desktop PCs (for example, 1440×900, 1600x900 and 1680x1050.) Models with LED-based lighting offer a lesser power consumption and wider viewing angles. Netbooks' with a 10 inches (25 cm) or smaller screen typically use a resolution of 1024x600, while netbooks and subnotebooks with a 11.6 inches (29 cm) or 12 inches (30 cm) screen use standard notebook resolutions.
A size comparison of 3.5" and 2.5" hard disk drives
* Removable media drives – A DVD/CD reader/writer drive is nearly universal on full-sized models, and is common on thin-and-light models; it is uncommon on subnotebooks and unknown on netbooks. CD drives are becoming rare, while Blu-Ray is becoming more common on notebooks.[31]
* Internal storage – Laptop hard disks are physically smaller—2.5 inches (64 mm) or 1.8 inches (46 mm) —compared to desktop 3.5 inches (89 mm) drives. Some newer laptops (usually ultraportables) employ more expensive, but faster, lighter and power-efficient flash memory-based SSDs instead. Currently, 250 to 500 GB sizes are common for laptop hard disks (64 to 512 GB for SSDs).
* Input – A pointing stick, touchpad or both are used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, and an integrated keyboard is used for typing. An external keyboard and/or mouse may be connected using USB or PS/2 port (if present).
* Ports – several USB ports, an external monitor port (VGA, DVI, mini-DisplayPort or HDMI), audio in/out, and an Ethernet network port are found on most laptops. Less common are legacy ports such as a PS/2 keyboard/mouse port, serial port or a parallel port. S-video or composite video ports are more common on consumer-oriented notebooks.
the blog are like;
http://www.popedusansar.blogspot.com/
Saturday, September 18, 2010
Laptop computer
A laptop is a personal computer designed for mobile use that is small and light enough for a person to rest on their lap. A laptop integrates most of the typical components of a desktop computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing device (a touchpad, also known as a trackpad, and/or a pointing stick) and speakers into a single unit. A laptop is powered by mains electricity via an AC adapter, and can be used away from an outlet using a rechargeable battery. A laptop battery in new condition typically stores enough energy to run the laptop for three to five hours, depending on the computer usage, configuration and power management settings. When the laptop is plugged into the mains, the battery charges, whether or not the computer is running.
Laptops are usually notebook-shaped with dimensions typically ranging from 10×8 inches (27×22cm, 13" display) to 15×11 inches (39×28cm, 17" display) × thickness 0.7–1.5 inches (18–38 mm), although smaller and larger screens are used. Modern laptops weigh 3 to 12 pounds (1.4 to 5.4 kg); older laptops were usually heavier. Most laptops are designed in the flip form factor to protect the screen and the keyboard when closed.
Portable computers, originally monochrome CRT-based and developing into the modern laptop, were originally considered to be a small niche market, mostly for specialized field applications such as the military, accountants and sales representatives. As portable computers became smaller, lighter, and cheaper and as screens became larger and of better quality, laptops became very widely used for all purposes
Laptops are usually notebook-shaped with dimensions typically ranging from 10×8 inches (27×22cm, 13" display) to 15×11 inches (39×28cm, 17" display) × thickness 0.7–1.5 inches (18–38 mm), although smaller and larger screens are used. Modern laptops weigh 3 to 12 pounds (1.4 to 5.4 kg); older laptops were usually heavier. Most laptops are designed in the flip form factor to protect the screen and the keyboard when closed.
Portable computers, originally monochrome CRT-based and developing into the modern laptop, were originally considered to be a small niche market, mostly for specialized field applications such as the military, accountants and sales representatives. As portable computers became smaller, lighter, and cheaper and as screens became larger and of better quality, laptops became very widely used for all purposes
Tuesday, September 7, 2010
technology
the new new technology has been invented in the world which are also used by teh people. now a days every thing technology has been from the film production (the digital system has came)due to the technology the picture quality has been clear(that seems real)than the past. and the new technology sound is so much clear .
television
television has been the luxuary need for the people.no any house is left without the television and it has become the fashion to keep the television in the home and in the doury also the television is given from the bride to the bridegroom side
computer
computer has been now the basic need for the people inkathmandu and for the whole world . everywhere it has been used ,in every sector of the world , from the fashion to agriculture., the exam are also given by the computer nowadays .
Monday, May 17, 2010
juju dhau of bhaktapur
Bhaktapur (juju dhau) curd
It is famous for the curd which is also known as the juju dhau. The curd of the bhaktapur is very much tasty and delicious . due to which it is a part of the bhaktapu r people . it is not only known for it in Nepal only but in the whole world. The quantity of the curd would be increased if it is done in the dairy but the quality could not be increased . the curd making is culture in the bhaktapur district . the curd is good for the health and very much tasty .in past the curd was taken as the pride for the big perronality person . due to the great person and ruler has used the curd it has come in the Nepal . and the person who made the delicious curd is taken as the pride and given the respect in the society .
How the curd is made ?
The milk of the buffalo is boiled it is good if the milk is boiled in the iron pot . because if boiled in iron pot there is less chance of burned and does not get cold immediately . it would be good if boiled in the firewood . while the milk is boiled according to the taste sukmal, alichi are kept by making the powder . the milk should be boiled in the room which is neither too cold nor to hot . and the milk is poured in the clay pot in the difference of 5-10 minuate . and the milk is kept coverered in that pot by a clean cloth for 4-6 hours and the curd is ready which is delicious and identity for the bhaktapur people . the curd (juju dhau) is made in this way .
But it is difficult to make it than it seem in reality .
Juju dhau is also made in the lalitpur and kathmandu district . but the curd made in the bhaktapur is very delicious than other places .
The importance of the curd
In newari culture the curd is essential and it is needed in every food material of newari . it is used
It is famous for the curd which is also known as the juju dhau. The curd of the bhaktapur is very much tasty and delicious . due to which it is a part of the bhaktapu r people . it is not only known for it in Nepal only but in the whole world. The quantity of the curd would be increased if it is done in the dairy but the quality could not be increased . the curd making is culture in the bhaktapur district . the curd is good for the health and very much tasty .in past the curd was taken as the pride for the big perronality person . due to the great person and ruler has used the curd it has come in the Nepal . and the person who made the delicious curd is taken as the pride and given the respect in the society .
How the curd is made ?
The milk of the buffalo is boiled it is good if the milk is boiled in the iron pot . because if boiled in iron pot there is less chance of burned and does not get cold immediately . it would be good if boiled in the firewood . while the milk is boiled according to the taste sukmal, alichi are kept by making the powder . the milk should be boiled in the room which is neither too cold nor to hot . and the milk is poured in the clay pot in the difference of 5-10 minuate . and the milk is kept coverered in that pot by a clean cloth for 4-6 hours and the curd is ready which is delicious and identity for the bhaktapur people . the curd (juju dhau) is made in this way .
But it is difficult to make it than it seem in reality .
Juju dhau is also made in the lalitpur and kathmandu district . but the curd made in the bhaktapur is very delicious than other places .
The importance of the curd
In newari culture the curd is essential and it is needed in every food material of newari . it is used
tihar
Tihar
The second highest biggest festival in Nepal tihar is celebrated for the five days o the first day of the five day ling festival people worship crows this day is known as crow puga
The crow is taken as a message of yama the god of death and worshiped on this day people offer delicious food items to crows in the morning before taking meal
The second day is celebrated as kukur tihar on this day the dog are gathered and fed delicious food items in recognition to their service to their mankind . according to the legends dogs guard the entrance to the kingdom of yama . the third day id celebrated as laxmi puga the goddess of wealth prayers are offered to the laxmi cow is worshiped in the morning while laxmi is worshipped at night .
Devoted believe that laxmi visits their home at night to check who are lying awake. Many people stay awake hoping that the goddess will be pleased and shower them with wealth. the fifth day is celebrated as bhai tika on this day the brothers are worshiped by their sisters for well being and prosperity of their brother put seven colored tika n their forehead brothers also put tika on the foreheads of their sister and present them gift to them . tihar is also known as the festival of lights because in the tihar diyao (earthen lamps ) and candles are ,lighten during the festival inside and around the houses electric lights are twinkle everywhere . Also giving the fed of tihar. People visit households to play deusi and bhailo. A lot people also take gamble during tihar.
Fire crackers are being smuggled and in t o the country and used. The fire the cracker during the festival.
The second highest biggest festival in Nepal tihar is celebrated for the five days o the first day of the five day ling festival people worship crows this day is known as crow puga
The crow is taken as a message of yama the god of death and worshiped on this day people offer delicious food items to crows in the morning before taking meal
The second day is celebrated as kukur tihar on this day the dog are gathered and fed delicious food items in recognition to their service to their mankind . according to the legends dogs guard the entrance to the kingdom of yama . the third day id celebrated as laxmi puga the goddess of wealth prayers are offered to the laxmi cow is worshiped in the morning while laxmi is worshipped at night .
Devoted believe that laxmi visits their home at night to check who are lying awake. Many people stay awake hoping that the goddess will be pleased and shower them with wealth. the fifth day is celebrated as bhai tika on this day the brothers are worshiped by their sisters for well being and prosperity of their brother put seven colored tika n their forehead brothers also put tika on the foreheads of their sister and present them gift to them . tihar is also known as the festival of lights because in the tihar diyao (earthen lamps ) and candles are ,lighten during the festival inside and around the houses electric lights are twinkle everywhere . Also giving the fed of tihar. People visit households to play deusi and bhailo. A lot people also take gamble during tihar.
Fire crackers are being smuggled and in t o the country and used. The fire the cracker during the festival.
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